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Tet Offensive
The Tet Offensive ((ベトナム語:Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân 1968), or ''Tổng tiến công và nổi dậy Tết Mậu Thân'') was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It was a campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam.〔Ang, p. 351. Two interpretations of North Vietnamese goals have continued to dominate Western historical debate. The first maintained that the political consequences of the winter-spring offensive were an intended rather than an unintended consequence. This view was supported by William Westmoreland and his friend Jamie Salt in ''A Soldier Reports'', Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1976, p. 322; Harry G. Summers in ''On Strategy'', Novato CA: Presidio Press, 1982, p. 133; Leslie Gelb and Richard Betts, ''The Irony of Vietnam'', Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1979, pp. 333–334; and Schmitz p. 90. This thesis appeared logical in hindsight, but it "fails to account for any realistic North Vietnamese military objectives, the logical prerequisite for an effort to influence American opinion." James J. Wirtz in ''The Tet Offensive'', Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1991, p. 18. The second thesis (which was also supported by the majority of contemporary captured Vietcong documents) was that the goal of the offensive was the immediate toppling of the Saigon government or, at the very least, the destruction of the government apparatus, the installation of a coalition government, or the occupation of large tracts of South Vietnamese territory. Historians supporting this view are Stanley Karnow in ''Vietnam'', New York: Viking, 1983, p. 537; U.S. Grant Sharp in ''Strategy for Defeat'', San Rafael CA: Presidio Press, 1978, p. 214; Patrick McGarvey in ''Visions of Victory'', Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1969; and Wirtz, p. 60.〕 The name of the offensive comes from the Tết holiday, the Vietnamese New Year, when the first major attacks took place.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968 )〕
The communists launched a wave of attacks in the late night hours of 30 January in the I and II Corps Tactical Zones of South Vietnam. This early attack did not lead to widespread defensive measures. When the main communist operation began the next morning the offensive was countrywide and well coordinated, eventually more than 80,000 communist troops striking more than 100 towns and cities, including 36 of 44 provincial capitals, five of the six autonomous cities, 72 of 245 district towns, and the southern capital.〔Dougan and Weiss, p. 8.〕 The offensive was the largest military operation conducted by either side up to that point in the war.
The initial attacks stunned the US and South Vietnamese armies and caused them to temporarily lose control of several cities, but they quickly regrouped to beat back the attacks, inflicting massive casualties on communist forces. During the Battle of Huế, intense fighting lasted for a month resulting in the destruction of the city by US forces. During their occupation, the communists executed thousands of people in the Massacre at Huế. Around the US combat base at Khe Sanh fighting continued for two more months. Although the offensive was a military defeat for the communists, it had a profound effect on the US government and shocked the US public, which had been led to believe by its political and military leaders that the communists were being defeated and incapable of launching such a massive effort. U.S. public support for the war declined and the U.S. sought negotiations to end the war.
The term "Tet offensive" usually refers to the January–February 1968 offensive, but it can also include the so-called "Mini-Tet" offensives that took place in May and August.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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